fss 露出
韩桦:你如何看待泽连斯基在白宫与特朗普总统和JD·万斯之间的那场争吵?
伊万·季莫费耶夫:咱们现在所看到的情况与咱们习以为常的全都不同。磋商到以前三年好意思国过火盟友对乌克兰的全面撑握,目下的情况极为反常。
特朗普的态度一龙一猪,他觉得和平是当务之急,绝防止忍我方的“小伙伴”提议条目。关节在于,既然是“小伙伴”,就应该遵从“大伙伴”的阶梯。要是“大伙伴”转变主意,“小伙伴”也必须随之调理。
在白宫的此次会面中,“应该(should)”这个词变成了“必须(must)”。这对乌克兰总统泽连斯基来说是一次额外严重的酬酢失败,可能会大大削弱他在国内的政事地位。这件事对乌克兰和平进度将会带来怎么的影响?冲突何时或者终结仍然是一个相当复杂的问题。好意思俄两边的谈判虽处于初期阶段,关连细节尚不明晰,但目下来看,这对乌克兰教诲东谈主来说无疑是一个坏音讯。
韩桦:2022年2月的“出奇军事举止”前后,您曾发声反对。三年以前了,您的结实是怎么发展的?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:从一初始,我对军事冲突的发展感到相当担忧,原因有许多。其中之一是俄罗斯与西方冲突有进一步升级的风险,这个局部冲突可能演变成更大鸿沟的冲突。在某个时点,西标的乌克兰提供中程巡航导弹,这导致时势变得极为危急。
另一个原因是经济恶化的巨大风险。不外,我很得意看到,对于俄罗斯经济现象的悲不雅权衡并未发生。一方面,俄罗斯在经济压力下展现了极大的韧性;另一方面,咱们也凯旋幸免了全球动力危机、食粮安全危机等问题。
现在,最默默的作念法是运用面前俄好意思关系平缓的契机,推动军事冲突终结。但与此同期,这一管制决策必须磋商到导致冲突的根蒂原因,磋商俄罗斯的诉求。不然,咱们很难幸免将来爆发新的冲突。
韩桦:在您看来,俄罗斯的中枢诉求是什么?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:一个中枢诉求是乌克兰的中立“非缔盟”地位。换句话说,乌克兰需要去军事化,弗成成为西方用来拒抗俄罗斯的器具,也弗成对俄罗斯组成威迫。
另一项关节诉求是对乌克兰境内各族东谈主民的尊重,包括对言语千般性的保护,并对顶点民族方针选择零容忍魄力。面前乌克兰社会存在嘉赞二战时间纳粹相助者的声息,这种历史篡转业为必须被阻绝,包括对二战历史的任何扭曲。
总的来说,俄罗斯的诉求包括乌克兰的“非缔盟”地位、中立性、去军事化、阻出奇点民族方针,以及尊重乌克兰东谈主口的千般性。天然,俄罗斯官方酬酢可能会提议更严防的清单,但这是我算作众人的基本看法。
韩桦:我确信俄罗斯会提议一些诉求。俄好意思之间的议题不仅限于乌克兰危机,还有许多其他问题需要通过酬酢渠谈霸术。俄好意思谈判会如何鼓励?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:谈判进度可能会额外复杂,因为这场冲突内容上是一个更无为的安全架构问题,需要排斥现有体系的劣势,而不单是关乎乌克兰。值得提神的是,从冲突一初始,中国就指出欧洲安全架构的劣势,而恰是这些劣势导致了西方冷落俄罗斯的安全利益,并削弱了“安全不可分割原则”。要结束耐久妥协,需要在更无为的安全框架上取得进展。
目下,媒体报谈仍是提到了一些潜在的管制决策,其中包括乌克兰大选,这可能是推动乌克兰政事进度发展和冲突管制的迫切前提。同期,对于疆域区别的霸术也必须基于战场上的既成事实,同期兼顾俄罗斯的诉乞降面前的军事态势。
还关连节的政事层面的问题,等于乌克兰的“非缔盟”地位以过火与北约的关系。无人不晓,俄罗斯的一项中枢诉求是乌克兰不得加入北约。与此同期,乌克兰过火欧洲盟友可能会推动在乌克兰境里面署异邦队列,以此算作安全保险。但对俄罗斯而言,这是全都不可接受的,因为无论出于何种意义,这都意味着乌克兰被异邦队列占领。
任何所谓的“维和举止”都必须得回聚拢国安招待的快活,并得到更无为的外洋社会撑握。天然西方势力高大且具有影响力,但它并弗成代表通盘外洋社会,也无法为维和举止提供最无为的授权。唯独正当的维和举止必须由聚拢国主导,并磋商到俄罗斯和中国的态度。因此,任何西方国度试图片面部署队列,都将濒临巨大的阻力。
3月2日,十余个欧洲和欧友邦家,以及乌克兰和加拿大的教诲东谈主在英国伦敦举行峰会,就乌克兰危机和欧洲防务问题进行霸术
(图源:英国首相府新华社发)
特朗普在这个问题优势格较着,他明确示意,要是欧洲队列在乌克兰与俄军发生冲突,好意思国不会提供军事撑握。要是异邦队列进入乌克兰,这可能导致冲突升级,甚而激勉俄罗斯与北约的径直拒抗,而这毫不是一个感性的遴荐。
正因如斯,我率先谈到了对这场军事冲突的风险评估。正如我所提到的,最大的风险在于局部冲突升级为俄罗斯与北约之间的大鸿沟斗争,甚而是第三次寰宇大战。要是西方队列进入乌克兰,这一风险将长久存在。
韩桦:您刚才提到了食粮危机和动力危机,这是冲突爆发前的主要担忧之一。那么,在耐久管制这一危机的经由中,某些经济问题或东谈主谈方针扶植是否会成为关节身分?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:这是一个迫切的问题。其中之一是复原因制裁和遣漫步调而受防止的全球供应链。天然,我不觉得这在面前起着决定性作用。俄罗斯过火伙伴仍是找到绕过这些制裁的方法。需要指出的是,西方自己也在制裁中提供了东谈主谈方针豁免。因此,在很大程度上,寰宇幸免了这场冲突对食粮安全和动力安全形成的严重东谈主谈方针影响。
但还有另一个严重的东谈主谈方针问题,那等于如何管制斗争对乌克兰以及受冲突影响的俄罗斯地区所形成的创伤。这包括排雷、基础身手的重建,以及对斗争中失去亲东谈主的乌克兰东谈主和俄罗斯东谈主的匡助。这将是俄乌经济上的一项千里重包袱。
韩桦:这也触及到您的经济领域筹划。总体而言,俄罗斯如安在西方制裁下督察经济运转并保握韧性?与此同期,俄罗斯面最后哪些挑战,举例通货彭胀等?此外,您如何看待在利雅得会议上对于复原好意思国对俄投资的霸术,以及这对中国在俄投资的影响?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:俄罗斯经济的韧性甚而让俄罗斯东谈主我方感到骇怪。在很大程度上,这归功于俄罗斯央行和政府多年来的前期准备劳动。在发起出奇军事举止之前,咱们建立了我方的金融信息传输系统(报文系统)和支付系统,减少了对西方体系的依赖。这使得咱们在面对西方制裁风暴时或者保握金融自在。
与此同期,咱们速即重建了原土工业体系,出奇是在军工和军民两用家具分娩方面。与中国过火他友好国度的买卖交游,匡助咱们减轻了买卖和入口方面的冲击,包括消费品入口。中国长久保握公谈和客不雅的态度,不参与任何军事定约,也莫得在军事意念念上选边站队。在西方对俄制裁的布景下,中俄两国保握简单经贸关系。中国不仅成为俄罗斯商品的迫切商场,还采纳了那些被欧洲和好意思国商场拒之门外的家具。此外,印度也在购买俄罗斯石油和其他大量商品方面阐明了迫切作用。
总体而言,俄罗斯经济或者保握韧性,主要依靠以下几个身分:政府充分的前期准备和有用的危机管制;俄罗斯经济的商场化促使企业自主应付挑战,而非依赖政府调停;精粹的酬酢关系——尤其是与中国的雅致相助。
至于好意思国投资重返俄罗斯的远景,咱们必须保握严慎。滥觞,从法律角度来看,这些投资仍然是被抑止的。凭证好意思法则律,目下无法向俄罗斯进行新的投资,因此,关连霸术目下仅停留在初步探讨和不雅察阶段。
要是乌克兰冲突在总共各方均能接受的条目下达成和平合同,俄罗斯的利益得到知足,那么不错预期某些制裁可能会被取消。但需要警惕的是,这些灭亡制裁的步调可能只是临时性的,可能更像是“豁免”而非长期性的法律根除。因此,俄罗斯可能在额外长的时间内仍需面对制裁框架的影响。这意味着,一朝针对投资的制裁豁免出现,西方投资可能会逐步归来,但制裁仍将是一个耐久风险。
无论如何,即便西方投资归来,也不会影响中国在俄罗斯商场的地位。中国已成为俄罗斯商场上的迫切力量,很难被取代。
韩桦:我觉得,中国和俄罗斯都必须面对“两个西方”:一个是好意思国,它可能会在某种程度上削弱制裁,而欧洲方面则可能会坚握制裁。在这种情况下,咱们应该如何应付?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:您的分析是正确的。最近的制裁情况就证明了这极少:欧盟在出奇军事举止三周年之际推出了第16轮制裁,而好意思国却莫得选择新的制裁步调。因此,咱们可能会看到这么一种现象:某些好意思国盟友仍然在实践制裁,而好意思国脉身却莫得跟进。
磋商到好意思国在外洋金融体系的中枢肠位,好意思国的制裁对咱们来说比欧洲的制裁更具威迫性。要是欧洲赓续督察制裁,对俄罗斯的影响远小于相悖的情况——即好意思国督察制裁,而欧洲灭亡制裁。
就中俄相助而言,好意思国的制裁通常比欧盟的制裁影响大,因为中国的金融界愈加担忧好意思国的“二级制裁”,而对欧盟的制裁并莫得那么敏锐。要是好意思国至少在某种程度上减少金融制裁的风险,那么中国的金融机构会更忻悦推动中俄相助,并为双边买卖提供更多金融服务。
韩桦:但愿如斯。接下来不错霸术金砖国度货币或金融结算体系?毕竟,特朗普可能会复原与俄罗斯的部分对话媾和判,但与此同期,他对金砖国度的金交融作、出奇是金砖货币握顶点厌烦魄力,而俄罗斯却是金砖货币的坚强撑握者。您对此若何看?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:是的,俄罗斯撑握全球金融体系的多元化。但必须指出,这不单是是俄罗斯的态度,印度的态度也肖似。印度与好意思国保握着精粹关系,并深度参与全球化,但它仍然撑握外洋金融体系的多元化,因为它毅力到把持并不是最好遴荐。
中国在保护自身金融体系和商场免受制裁和外部干预方面作念了无数劳动。中国正在推动东谈主民币在外洋交易中的使用。东谈主民币目下尚未对好意思元组成挑战,其全球占比仍然不高,中国东谈主民银行在推动东谈主民币外西化的经由中一直选择矜重魄力,换句话说,中国在“摸着石头过河”,一步一步鼓励,这是一种感性的计策。
磋商到这些身分,我不觉得金砖货币在短期甚而中期内会成为施行。这个构想仍然更多是一个见识,而非一个切实可行的管制决策。关节问题在于——谁来主导这套货币体系?它将如何运作?其价值基础是什么?这些问题都尚未得到解答。
从这个角度来看,我觉得特朗普对金砖货币的过度警惕有些夸张。但另一方面,他确乎毅力到新的经济中心正在崛起,这对好意思国组成了挑战。因此,他的魄力可能会额外毅力。在他第一任期的前几个月,他对中国的表态还算克制,但随后他的政策变得极具袭击性。无人不晓,他将中国视为好意思国的主要竞争敌手甚而威迫。因此,咱们还需要不雅察他将来如那边理对华政策。
韩桦:对于中国和俄罗斯而言,咱们不仅心疼两国政府间的相助,也高度心疼学术界过火他各个层面的疏导。在我看来,特朗普并不肯意在乌克兰危机上插足过多时间和元气心灵,他在国内还有许多更迫切的事务需要处理。
天然权衡将来变得越来越繁难fss 露出,但我照旧想让您作念个权衡。特朗普的主要方针是拼集华尔街等国内问题,而不是过度眷注乌克兰危机,他只是想尽快终结这场冲突。那么,您觉得他将选择什么样的政策?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:特朗普的眷注点长久在将来,而不是以前。不管咱们心爱他照旧不心爱他,有极少是明确的:冷战仍是成为历史,而面前的乌克兰危机则是冷战留传住来的问题。这极少不必置疑。从某种意念念上说,咱们仍然处于冷战的“回声”之中。
对于特朗普来说,乌克兰危机是以前的问题,而不是将来的问题。他试图解脱与以前关连的千里重包袱,专注于将来。事实上,他仍是毅力到,乌克兰危机无法在军事上取胜。在面前样子下,西方根蒂不可能投诚俄罗斯,而赓续向乌克兰提供火器,只会加重风险——正如咱们在对话起头所谈到的,这可能会导致时势进一步升级,甚而激勉好意思俄径直拒抗。
特朗普出生商界,他显然乌克兰危机意味着什么:巨大的财政破钞。数千亿好意思元的支拨本不错用于好意思国的基础身手配置,比如修路、机场当代化等——这些可不是小钱。他想精真金不怕火这些资金,并将其用于更具价值的标的。那么,问题来了:他的下一个标的是什么?
韩桦:从您的专科角度来看,您对特朗普对于好意思国国内经济政策有何建议?
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:我不是好意思国东谈主,尽管我耐久筹划好意思国。因此,要给他提议建议并防止易。好意思国事一个裕如国度,是全球主要经济体之一。但同期,好意思国的贫富差距问题依然严重,比中国或俄罗斯更凸起。可是,共和党的态度并不撑握民众服务、医疗和证明注解投资,而特朗普是共和党东谈主。因此,改善这些社会服务并不妥贴他的施政标的。
不外,算作一个俄罗斯东谈主,算作一个来自心疼社会福利体系的国度的公民,在理想情况下,我但愿这些财政资源或者用于改善东谈主民的生计,比如证明注解、医疗,而不是用于军事开支。天然,好意思国东谈主民对我方的国度最有发言权,而咱们则应该专注于如何管制好我方的国度。
追想我与一些中国同业的疏导,我觉得在经历了这场“制裁海啸”之后,俄好意思买卖关系恶化的风险依然存在,咱们很难确信一切会复原简单。因此,咱们必须作念好准备,以防将来再次发生政事化冲突或新一轮制裁。
对莫斯科来说,最合理的作念法仍然是对冲风险,保握在经济交易上的自主权,并采纳多元化的买卖步地,尤其是在与中国的相助。为什么在双边买卖中咱们要使用好意思元?咱们全都不错使用本国货币——东谈主民币和卢布,这更为合理。
咱们应该进一步探索由中俄两边共同提供的新金融体系。中国的CIPS(东谈主民币跨境支付系统)是一个很好的例子,它不单是是一个支付系统,照旧一个金融信息传输系统,而况其影响力正在不休扩大。此外,俄罗斯的SPFS(金融信息传输系统)也为中国银行提供了进入俄罗斯商场的契机。尽管一些中国银行可能会担忧好意思国的“次级制裁”,但仍然有一些忻悦承担更高风险的银行忻悦使用这一系统。
好意思元在外洋金融体系中仍然占据迫切地位。对中国企业来说通常如斯,许多中国企业在外洋买卖中无为使用好意思元,中国银行也依赖好意思元进行交易。东谈主民币的外西化是中国的一个迫切方针,中国的酬酢政策一直明确示意,中国并不筹画防止全球化。全球化对中国事成心的,中国为什么要防止它呢?中国提议了“一带一王人”倡议、全球安全倡议等政策,这些并不与全球化进度相矛盾。
2023年在北京召开的中国外洋金融展上,跨境银行间支付算帐有限职责公司携其最新家具服务亮相,对传闻递东谈主民币跨境基础身手配置新进展(图源:南边都市报)
从这个角度来看,好意思方主导的全球金融体系政事化的风险依然存在,这不仅是对俄罗斯的挑战,对中国亦然如斯。因此,感性的遴荐是通过发展替代机制来往避这些风险;咱们不单是为了拒抗好意思国而拒抗好意思国,要是有相助的空间,咱们天然应该与西方国度相助。
可是,一朝触及政事化、利益歧视,甚而干预中国内务的问题,举例香港、新疆和西藏,包括好意思国借这些议题实践制裁。但这些是中国的内务,与好意思国无关。这关乎中国的国度政策,为什么要让其他国度来品头题足?
咱们还紧记,好意思国曾威迫对与香港问题关连的中国银行实践金融制裁。从政事上讲,这全都是不可接受的。最终,好意思国并莫得付诸举止,因为中国太刚劲了,他们发怵中国的反制。但即便如斯,外洋金融体系被政事化的风险依然存在,咱们必须为这种情况作念好准备。以前三年的资格对中国和俄罗斯来说,都是一次长远的熏陶。
目下,中国在工业领域越来越不依赖异邦供应商。中国正在渐渐结束工业品和时期的自主化。当中国决定与某个异邦伙伴相助时,不需要去华盛顿苦求许可,也不需要得回授权来向俄罗斯供应某些家具。中国有我方的时期,且自主时期的家具清单正在不休扩大。
韩桦:没错,但中国一直都相当温和。三年前,咱们唯独的短板可能是高技术产业,比如芯片。而现在,咱们仍是在这方面取得了许多碎裂。我能料到的最后一个领域可能等于大飞机,比如商用大型客机,但咱们在这个方朝上也在速即鼓励。
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:中国东谈主的温和和低调是值得高度尊敬的,这亦然中华英才的文化本性之一。我曾与许多中国一又友霸术落伍期和金融话题,他们老是说:“是的,咱们取得了一些凯旋,但咱们仍然需要向好意思国粹习。好意思国在某些领域仍然很刚劲,咱们应该去望望他们在作念什么,并鉴戒他们的凯旋资格。”
这种计策相当默默——你在取得凯旋的同期,依然保握敞开的心态,不会跋扈,也不会关上学习的大门。你长久保握温和,赓续学习。这种文化传统在目下这个充满不笃定性的寰宇中,短长常难得的竞争力。
韩桦:谢谢您的评价!是以,您也应该赓续学习汉文哦!
伊万·季莫菲耶夫:是的,我“应该学习汉语(这部分为汉文原话)”。
以下为采访原文:
Helen:WhatdoyoumakeofthemostrecentbreakdownbetweenZelenskywithPresidentTrumpandJDVance?
IvanTimofeev:Ofcourse,whatweseeiscompletelydifferenttowhatwegotusedto.It'saveryunusualsituation,takingintoaccounttherecent3yearsofextensivesupportbytheUSandUSalliestowardsUkraine.Now,thenewpresidenthasacompletelydifferentviewthatpeaceisdemanded,heisnotgoingtotoleratethesituationwherehisjuniorpartnerraiseshisconditions.Thepointisthatifyou'reajuniorpartner,thenyoushouldfollowthelineoftheseniorpartner.Iftheseniorpartnerchangesitsmind,youshouldchangeyourmindaswell.InthatmeetingintheWhiteHouse,thewordshouldwaschangedintothewordmust.
ThatwasquiteasignificantdiplomaticdefeatforVolodymirZelensky,thepresidentofUkraine,whichwouldprobablyunderminesignificantlyhispositionsinUkraineathome.
SowewillseewhatwouldbethefurtherconsequencesforthepeacesettlementinUkraine.Howfastwouldithappenfortheconflictisstillquitecomplicated.ThenegotiationpositionsoftheUSandRussiaarestillnotclear,takingtheintoaccountthatthenegotiationsareontheverystart.ButwhatweseeisquitebadnewsfortheleaderofUkraine.
Helen:GivenyouhavebeenagainsttheUkrainewarbeforeandafterFebruary2022,howhaveyouopinionsandcommentsevolvedduringthepast3years?
IvanTimofeev:Yousee,Iwasveryconcernedbythemilitarydevelopmentduetoverydifferentreasons.OneofthemwastherisksoffurtherescalationinrelationsbetweenRussiaandtheWest.Thislocalconflictcouldturnintosomethingbigger.Atsomepoints,wewereclosetothisescalationwhentheWestsuppliedmid-rangecruisemissilestoUkraine.RussiausedintermediaterangemissileagainstUkraine.Soquiteadangeroussituation.
弟媳妇Oneotherreasonwasthattherewasahugeriskofeconomicdeterioration.There,Iwashappythatthenegativeforecastsontheeconomicsituation,bothinRussiaandglobally,itdidnotcometrue.Ontheonehand,Russiashowedsignificantresiliencetotheeconomicpressure.Ontheotherhand,wemanagedtoavoidglobalenergycrisis,foodsecuritycrisis,etcetera.
Now,whatisadvisable?WhatisreasonableistousethisopportunityinRussiaUSrelationstostopthemilitaryconflict.Butatthesametime,thisresolutionmusttakeintoaccounttheirconditionswhichprovokethisconflict.ItshouldtakeintoaccountthedemandsofRussia.Otherwise,wewillhardlyavoidthenewconflictinthefuture.
Helen:WhatarethedemandsfromRussia,inyouropinion?
IvanTimofeev:Oneofthemajordemandsisthenon-alignedstatusofUkraine.It'sdemilitarizationinasensethatitshouldn'tbeaweaponinthehandsoftheWesternpartnersofKievandshouldnotposeathreattoRussiainitsclosestneighborhood.
Oneotherthingisaboutpeople,respecttothediversityofthepopulation,withrespecttothelinguisticdiversity,withzerotolerancetoradicalnationalism.ThereispraiseofthosewhocooperatedwithNaziGermanyduringthesecondworldwar;thereshouldbezerotolerancetothefalsificationofhistory,includingthehistoryofthesecondworldwar.
Insumthisisthenon-aligned,theneutrality,thedemilitarization,theissueofradicalnationalismandtherespecttodiversityofthepopulationofUkraine,Iseeitinthisway,probablywewillseeanotherleastlistbyRussianofficialdiplomacy.Thisisjustmyexpertopinion.
Helen:Ibelievesomeofthedemandswillbeproposed.Howdoyouenvisionthedemandsorthenegotiationprocessdowntheroad,firstbetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStates?ThereismorethanUkrainecrisisbetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStates,alotoftopicswillbecoveredbetweenyourdiplomaticchannels.
IvanTimofeev:Theprocessmaybequitecomplicated,becausetheconflictiscomplex,andthisisnotjustaboutUkraine.Thisisalsoaboutwidersecurityarchitectureandtheshortcomingsofthisarchitecture.There,bytheway,itwasfromtheverystartoftheconflictthepointoftheChinesediplomacy,whichstressedtheshortcomingsofEuropeansecurityarchitecture,whichwasoneofthefactorswhichactuallyneglectedthesecurityinterestsofRussia,whichunderminedtheprincipleofindivisiblesecurity.
Thelong-termsettlementdemandsprogressintherealmofwidersecurityframework.
Wehavealreadyseeninthemediathattheremaybeseveralparametersofthissettlement,includingtheelectionsinUkraine,whichmaybeanimportantinternalpolicyprerequisiteforfurtherpoliticaldevelopmentaroundthisconflict.TheirdiscussionontheterritorialdivisionlinetakesintoaccountthestatusquoonthegroundandtakeintoaccountthedemandsonRussiaontheonehand,themilitarysituationinthefield,andthediscussionofpoliticalparameterslikethenonalignedstatusofUkraine,itsrelationswithNATO.WeknowthattheoneofthedemandsofRussiaisthenon-membershipofUkraineinNATO.
EuropeanalliesofUkraineandUkraineitselfmaytrytopromotetheideaofthepresenceontheterritoryofUkraineofforeigntroops,whichwouldguaranteethesecurity.ButthisisandanunacceptableproposalforRussia,becausethatwouldmeanthatUkrainewillbeoccupiedbyforeigntroops,regardlessofthereason.Anyso-calledpeacekeepingmissiondemandstheagreement,thesupportoftheUNsecuritycouncilandofthewiderinternationalcommunity.
Thewestcannotsubstitutetheinternationalcommunity.Thewestisbig,it'sinfluential,butit'snottheinternationalcommunity.Itcannotprovidethewidestmandateforpeacekeepingoperation.TheonlylegitimatesourceofpeacekeepingoperationsistheUnitedNations,takingintoaccounttheRussianposition,Chineseposition,wouldhardlyadopttheemergenceofanywesterncontingentontheterritoryofUkraine.
Trumpisquitetransparentandbluntontheissue,sayingthathewillnotsupportmilitarilytheEuropeanforcesiftheyareinaclashwithRussianswithinthismission.SoAmericansarenotsupportive.Andthisisrathergoodandbad,becausethisemergenceofforeigntroopsinUkrainemaycausefurtherescalationanddirectclashbetweenRussiaandNATO,whichisnotareasonablescenario.
That'swhywebeganaboutmyperceptionofrisksconnectedtothismilitaryconflict.AndasImentioned,themajorriskwastheescalationofthelocalconflicttoagreaterclassbetweenRussiaandNATOtothethirdworldwar,actually.IfthewesternforcesemergeinUkraine,thiswouldmakethisriskremainontable.
Helen:Youactuallymentionedthefoodcrisis,energycrisis,astopconcernsofnothavingtheUkrainewarinthefirstplace.Sowouldsomeeconomicconcerns,somehumanitarianassistancebeoneoftheparametersofresolvingthiscrisisinthelongerterm?
IvanTimofeev:Thisisanimportantquestion.Oneoftheissuesisrestorationofinternationalsupplychains,distortedbysanctionsanddistortedbyrestrictivemeasures.Iwouldn'tsaythattheyplayacriticalrolenow.Russiaanditspartnersmanagedtobypassthesesanctions.ItmustbestatedthatWestitselfprovidedhumanitarianexemptionstosanctions.Sotoalargeextent,theworldmanagedtoavoidthehumanitarianimpactsofthisconflictonfoodsecurityandenergysecurity.
Butontheotherhand,thereisanotherhumanitarianissue.ThisistheissueofovercomingtheconsequencesofwarinUkraineandinthoseRussianregionswhichsufferedfromthewarandfromthismilitaryconflict.Imeandemining,Imeanrestorationoftheinfrastructure,helptothosewholosttheirrelativesonbothsides.Bytheway,thiswouldbeahugeburdenforbotheconomies,forbothUkrainianandRussians.
Helen:Whichleadsdeepertoyourexpertiseintheeconomicfield.HowhasRussiamanagedtokeepitseconomyrunningandresilientunderWesternsanctions,ingeneral?Andatthesametime,whathasbeensomeofthechallenges,forexample,withinflationandothersdowntheroad?AndwhatdoyouthinkofsomeoftheproposalduringtheRiyadhmeetingaboutWesterninvestmentresumption,anditsimpactonChineseinvestmentinRussia?
IvanTimofeev:TheresilienceoftheRussianeconomyturnedtobeasurprise,eventoRussiansthemselves;toalargeextent,thiswastheresultofpreparatoryworkconductedbythebankofRussia,bythegovernmentofRussia.
SeveralyearspriortothespecialmilitarypreparationinUkraine,wecreatedourownsystemoffinancialmessaging,ourownpaymentsystem.WebecameindependentontheWestern-ledservicesinthisarea,whichallowedustomaintainfinancialstabilityafteremergenceofthissanctionstsunami.
Ontheotherhand,wemanagedtorebuildquicklyourownindustryinanumberofareas,especiallyinthemilitary,inthedualuseproductproductions.OurtradetieswithChinaandotherfriendlystates,butconsiderablywithChina,alsohelpedtodiminishtheshocksconnectedtotradeandtoimports,includingofconsumptiongoods.Chinakeptanunbiasedandobjectiveposition,Chinaisnotapartofmilitaryalliances,anditdidn'ttakeanysideinthemilitarysense.ButChinahasneverdistortedthemarketrelationsbetweenourcountriesduetosanctionsandevenpromotedthedevelopmentoftheserelationsunderthissanctionswar.Anditwasoneofthecriticalfactors.ChinaturnedouttobeanimportantmarketforourcommoditiesandforthegoodswhichwerekickedoutfromEuropeanandAmericanmarkets;bothChinaandIndia,bytheway,Indiaalsoplayedamajorroleinbuyingouroilandothercommodities.
Thesewerethemajorfactorsofresilience:goodpreparation,wellcrisismanagementbythegovernment;bytheway,themarketstructureofRussianeconomy,whenentrepreneurswereresponsibleforthemselves,theydidn'twaitforthehelpfromabove.Andgooddiplomacy,mostofallourrelationswithChina.
AsfortheprospectsofWesterninvestmentstotheRussianeconomy,weshouldbecautiousaboutthis.Firstofall,inlegalsense,theseinvestmentsarestillprohibited.IntermsofUSlaw,nonewinvestmentispossibletoRussia,sothesearejustpreliminarydiscussions,observations,etcetera.
IfthereispeaceinUkraine,onconditionswhichissatisfactorytoallsides,andforus,theRussianinterestsareapriority.IfthismeetsRussianinterests,thenit'sreasonabletoexpectthatsomesanctionsmayberevoked,thoughweshouldbeverycautiousaboutthis,becausetheserevocationsmaybetemporary,theymayberatherinthelogicofexemptions,butnotlong-termrevocationoflegalmechanisms,sowewillleavethissanctionsframeworkforquitealongtime.ThiswouldmeanthatsosomeWesterninvestmentsmayemerge,mayloomonthehorizoniftheseexemptionsoninvestmentbanshappen,butthissanctionsframeworkwillbealong-termrisk.
Anyway,eveniftheseinvestmentsoccur,thisisnotachallengeforChinaatall.ChinaemergedontheRussianmarketasaverystrongplayer,anditwillbeveryhardtoanyonetooutplayChinaontheRussianmarket.
Helen:IthinkbothChinaandRussiameanhavetofaceatwoWests.OneistheUnitedStates,whichprobablywillliftsanctionstosomeextent.ButtheEuropeansidewillsticktothosesanctions.Sohowshouldwedealwiththat?
IvanTimofeev:Youareabsolutelyright.Ifyoulookatrecentsanctions,theEuropeanUnionimposedits16thpackageatthe3yearsanniversaryofthestartofspecialmilitaryoperation.ButUSabstainedfromsanctions.Sowemayseethesituationwheresomealliesareusingsanctions,buttheUSisnot.
Iwouldsaythat,takingintoaccountthecentralityoftheUSintheinternationalfinancialsystem,forus,USsanctionsaremorecriticalthanEuropeansanctions.IfEuropeanscontinuesanctions,thisislessaproblemthanthereversesituation,whereUnitedStateskeeptheirsanctionsandEuropeansarerevokingthem.
AndforRussia-Chinacooperation,USsanctionsaremuchmorecriticalthanEUsanctions,becauseChinesefinancialcommunityismoreconcernedaboutUSsecondarysanctionsthanEUsanctions.IfAmericansarereducing,atleasttosomeextent,thisriskoffinancialsanctions,thenChinesefinancialcommunitywillbemorefavorabletopromotecooperationandprovidefinancialservicestothetradebetweenChinaandRussia.
IvanTimofeev:Wehopeso.Yes.Atsomepoint,theremightbetalksregardingtheBRICScurrencyorBRICSfinancialsettlement,becauseTrumpononesidemayberesumingsomeofthediscussionsandnegotiationswithRussia,buthe'ssohostiletowardsaBRICSsystem,aBRICScurrency.
Helen:ButRussia,ontheotherhand,isstronglysupportiveofaBRICScurrency.Sodowntheroad,what'syourtakeonthat?
IvanTimofeev:Yes,Russiaisaproponentofdiversificationoftheinternationalfinancialsystem.ImustsaythatthisisnotjusttheRussianposition,thisisthepositionofIndia.Bytheway,IndiaenjoysstrongrelationswiththeUnitedStates,anditenjoysglobalization,butstill,theyarenotagainstthediversificationofinternationalfinance,understandingthatmonopolyisnotthebestwaytodothings.
Chinadidalottopreserveitsownfinancialsystemandmarketfromsanctionsandfromforeigninterference.Chinaispromotingyuanasawayfortransactions.YuanisstillnotachallengetotheUSdollar,theshareofyuanisnothuge,andChinesepeople'sbankisquitecautious,avoidingaccelerationthispromotionoftheyuan,tryingtobolsterthisprocesswithrealeconomyandrealeconomicaffairs.Tryingtocrosstheriver,keepinginmindtherocks,stepbystep.It'sareasonablestrategy.
Keepingthisinmind,IdonotthinkthattheemergenceofBRICScurrencyisarealisticscenariointhenearfuture,noteveninmid-termfuture,whowouldnominatethiscurrency,howwillitwork,whatwouldbethebasisforthiscurrency?Itisstillratheranideathanapracticalsolution.
Inthissense,Trumpisexcessivelyalarmed,inmyview.Ontheotherhand,heunderstandsthatnewcentersofeconomyareemerging,thatthisisachallengetotheUnitedStates,andhewillbequiteassertive.Inhisfirstmonthsofpresidency,heavoidedstrongwordsinrelationstoChina,butinhisfirstterm,hewasquiteaggressive.It'snotasecretthatheregardsChinaasthemajorchallenge,thethreattotheUS.Sowe'llseehowheconductshispolicyvisavisBeijing.
Helen:ForChinaandRussia,weattachgreatimportanttothebilateralrelations,notonlyfromthegovernmentlevel,butfromacademic,fromotheraspectsoflife.ForTrump,myunderstandingisthathedoesnotwanttowastesomuchtime,somuchenergyonUkrainecrisis.Hehasalotmoretodowithinthecountry.
Soweknowthatpredictionisreallyhardnowadays,butIstillwantyoutopredict,becausehismajorobjectiveistodealwiththeWallStreet,nottoputsomuchenergyintheUkrainecrisis.Hejustwantstoenditassoonaspossible.Sowhat'shispolicy?
IvanTimofeev:Heislookingatthefuture,nottothepast.WemaylikeTrump,wemaydislikehim.ButwhatisclearisthattheColdWarisamatterofthepastandcurrentUkrainiancrisisisthelegacyoftheColdWar.Thisiscrystalclear.Inasense,wearestillinthisechoofthecoldwar.
ForTrump,thisisamatterofthepast,butnotamatterofthefuture.Hetriestogetridoftheoutlayswhichrelatetothispast,andconcentrateonthefuture.Indeed,heunderstandsthatintheconflictinUkraine,hehasnoprospectofmilitaryvictoryoverRussia.It'simpossibletoprevailoverRussiaatthiscurrentmoment,andthefurthersuppliesofmissilestoUkrainewouldgeneratethisdangeroussituation,whichImentioned,atthebeginningofourconversation,alarmedmepre-wartothismilitaryconflict.
Heislookingatthefuture,hehasabusinessbackground.Heunderstandsthatthisisalossofmoney,hundredsofbillionsofdollars,whichcouldbespentontheinfrastructureintheUS,onroads,airports,onmodernization,whatever.Thesearenotpeanuts.Thesearebigmoney.Hejustwantstosavethemandtoredirectthem.Thequestionis,whatwouldbethenewdirection.
Helen:Fromyourexpertise,ifyoucanadviseTrumpregardinghandlingthedomesticeconomicsituation,whatwouldbetheadviceyougivetohim?
IvanTimofeev:I'mnotanAmerican,althoughIhavebeenstudyingAmericaforquitealongtime.It'shardtomakeanadviceforhim.YouseethattheUSisarichcountry,it'samajoreconomy.Butstill,inequalityisstilloneoftheproblems,whichismuchmorethaninChina,forinstance,orinRussia.Though,thisisnotaRepublicanagendatosupportthepublicservices,tosupportthemedicalservicesforpeople,theeducation,etcetera,andTrumpisRepublican,thisisnothisagenda.
Still,asaRussian,asacitizenofthecountrywheresuchservicesforpeopleareimportant,Iwouldprobably,inmyidealworld,theseresourcesmightbespentonpeopleandtheirlives,education,health,etcetera,thanontheirmilitaryaffairs.We'llsee,butAmericanpeopleknowbetterwhattodowiththeircountry.Weknowbetterwhattodoatourhomes.
Helen:GoingbacktoTrump,ChinaandRussiarelations.DoyouthinkthatTrumpmightrequestRussiatostopusingtheRMBinitstrade?AndhowmightRussiarespondtosuchapotentialrequest?
IvanTimofeev:Evenifhedemandsthis,Iwouldn'tsaythatthisisdoable.Wealreadyhavequiteahugeshareofyuaninourtrade.GettingbacktosomeofthequestionswhichIgotfromsomeofmyChinesecounterparts,Iwouldsaythatwewillhavethisfearofdeteriorationofmarketrelationsforalongtime;afterthissanctionstsunami,it'sveryhardtobelievethateverythingwillbeokay,andweshouldn'tbepreparedforanotherpoliticization,foranotherroundofconflict.
Thiswouldmeanthat,forMoscow,itisreasonabletostillhedgetherisks,tostillpreserveitssovereigntyovereconomictransactionsandtohavediversifiedmeansoftrade,especiallywithChina.WhyshouldweuseAmericancurrencyinourbilateralrelations?Weshoulduseournationalcurrencies,Yuanandrubles.It'smorereasonable.
WeshouldexploremoreopportunitiesinthisnewsystemprovidedbybothbyChinaandRussia:CIPSisagreatthing.It'snotjustapaymentsystem;it'salsoamessagingsystem.Anditisincreasinglypopular.RussianSPFSsystemofmessagingalsoprovidesopportunitiesforChinesebankstogetin.ThoughtheChinesebanksmaybeafraidofsecondarysanctions,butstilltheyhavethisopportunity.Theremaybesomebankswithhigherappetitetoriskcouldusethissystem.
Thedollarisinevitablyimportantininternationalfinance.It'simportantforChinesebusiness,whichusesdollarextensively,Chinesebanksareusingdollarextensively.ThisistheinterestofChinatousetheDollar,butbytheway,ChinesediplomacyisveryclearthatChinaisnotgoingtoundermineglobalization.GlobalizationisbeneficialforChina,sowhyshouldChinaruinwhatisbeneficialforeveryone?Though,Chinahasitsownprojects,likeBeltandRoad,likeglobalsecurityinitiative,butitdoesnotcontradicttheglobalizationprocess.
Inthissense,theriskstopoliticizationofUS-ledsystemwillremainbothforRussiaandforChina.It'sreasonabletomitigatetheserisks,toworkonalternativeformechanism,notjusttofightagainstAmericaforthesakeofthefightagainstAmerica.That'snotthereason.Whenit'sreasonable,whenwecancooperatewithWesternpartners,weshouldcooperate.
Butwhenitcomestopoliticizationandtodiscriminationofourinterestsortheinterferenceintoourdomesticaffairs,likeHongKong,likeXinjiang,likeTibet,weseesanctionsoftheUSontheseissues.ThisisnottheissueoftheUS,thisisaninternalissueofChina.Thisisyourcountryandyourpeople,it'syourpolicy.Whyshouldsomeoneelsedictatetoyouwhattodo?
Asweremember,AmericansthreatenedthefinancialsanctionsagainstbankswhoareconnectedtothesituationinHongKong.Politicallyspeaking,thisisinintolerable.Theydidn'ttakearisktodothis,becauseChinaistoostrong.Theywereafraidoftheretaliation,thatyouwillpushback.
Butstill,thisverythreatofpoliticizationofinternationalfinanceremains.Andweshouldbereadytothisscenario.Last3yearsisabiglesson,notjusttoRussia,buttoChinaaswell.
Helen:Yes,alwaysbepreparedandbecomemoreresilient.
IvanTimofeev:Yes,justberesilientandbeself-confident,respectingothers,noproblem,andcooperatingwithothers,buthavinganopportunitytodoitonyourown.
Helen:Yeah,thisisapartoftheprinciplesofChinesediplomacy.Butwejustneedtocarryoutinamoresophisticatedway.
IvanTimofeev:Yeah,andChinacanaffordthis.Chinaisauniverse.Chinaissoseparate;it'saworldintheworld.Bytheway,that'swhythisnationalcurrencytrademakessenseforChinaandRussia,duetothesimplefactthatRussiacanbuyeverythinginChina,becauseChinaproduceseverything.Ifyouhaveforyuan,youcanbuywhateveryouwant.
Thisisnotthecaseinthetradewithotherfriendlycountries,whichhavelessdiversifiedeconomy,whicharelessdevelopedintermsofindustry,sowearemuchmorelimitedintermsoftheuseofnationalcurrencies,wewillinevitablyhavedisbalancesintrade.
OneotherthingisthatChinaisincreasinglyindependentofforeignsuppliersintermsofindustry.Chinaincreasinglyhasitsownindustrialgoods,technologies,etcetera.Whendecidingoncooperationwithforeignpartners,ChinashouldnotgotoWashingtonandapplyforalicenseandpermissiontosupplysomethingtoRussia,Chinahasitsown.Andthelistoftheproductswhichithasonitsownisincreasing.
Helen:Yes.ButChinaisbeingsohumble.3yearsago,theonlymissingpuzzlemightbeinthehightechindustry,likethechips.Nowadays,wehavesomanybreakthroughs.TheyonlythingIcanthinkistheaircrafts,thebigcommercialjetliners,butwearemovingsofasttowardsthisdirectionaswell.
IvanTimofeev:Chinesepeoplearehumbleandmodest,whichisapartofthenationalcharacterwhichdeserveshighrespect.ItalkedmanytimeswithmyChinesefriendsontechnologyandfinance,theysaythat,yes,wegotsomesuccess,butstillweneedtolearnfromAmericansinthisandthat,theyarestillstronginthisandthat,andweshouldgothereandlookatwhattheyaredoing.Weshouldlearntheircompetentpractices.
Thisisareasonablestrategywhereyouachievesuccess,butyouarenotclosingdoors.Youarenotproudofyourself.Youstillkeepthispeninthepocket,writingandlearningfromothers.Thisisanessentialpartlegacyofyourculture,ofyourcivilization,whichisahugecompetenceinsuchturbulenttimes.
Helen:Thankyouforsayingso,sojustkeeplearningChinese.
IvanTimofeev:Ishould,应该学习汉语.
俄罗斯外洋事务委员会(RIACfss 露出,全称RussianInternationalAffairsCouncil)成立于2010年,是俄罗斯最具影响力的酬酢与外洋关系智库之一。RIAC力争于推动外洋政策筹划、促进全球对话,集聚政府官员、学者及酬酢众人,当场缘政事、安全、经济相助等议题提供政策建议。该委员会与全球盛名智库无为相助,旨在进步俄罗斯在外洋事务中的影响力,并促进外洋社会对俄罗斯酬酢政策的和会与互动。